Effect of Bcl-2 on Lung Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effect of Bcl-2 on Lung Cancer - Essay Example To be able to obtain an accurate and strongly reliable research finding and study conclusion, the research method should always be aligned with the research hypothesis at all times. Back then, it was hypothesized in the study of Xu et al. (2013) that there can be a strong connection between Bcl-2 with a person’s susceptibility to lung cancer and its prognosis among the Chinese men. Specifically, the research hypothesis of Xu et al. (2013) is very much in-line with its chosen research method. It means that the authors’ decision to make use of its research method is good enough to determine whether or not the research hypothesis presented in the said study should be accepted or not. For example, in the process of selecting and genotyping a total of 3 Bcl-2’s tagSNP (i.e. rs1564483, rs 1801018, and rs 2279115) in 1017 couple of Chinese male with lung cancer using the TaqMan assay, the authors were able to find out that the genotypes of rs1564483GA, AA, as well as GA+AA, were strongly related to the decrease in Chinese men’s susceptibility to lung cancer whereas the allele of rs1564483A increases Chinese men’s susceptibility of developing lung cancer particularly those who had family history of cancer and previous smoking habit. In this study, the clinical term â€Å"prognosis† is all about being able to foretell the possible long-term effects after a person has been diagnosed with lung cancer. Using the same research method, Xu et al. (2013) found out that research participants with Bcl-2 rs1564483 GA+AA genotypes are the ones who can experience longer survival rate and reduced risks of untimely deaths as compared to those Chinese men with rs1564483GG genotype. The primary exposure of interest in this study was genetic factors, in particular, the polymorphism of the Bcl-2 gene in the Chinese men. This was measured by genotyping using the TaqMan method that used a sequence detection system (Xu et al, 2013).

Quality Improvement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality Improvement - Research Paper Example The foundational frameworks of quality improvement include Quality Circles (where a group of employees interact to identify and resolve problems to ensure quality), Sig Sigma (which is about ensuring high quality and attaining cost-efficiency), Benchmarking (when a company compares its products or services against competitors’ market offerings), Reduced Cycled Time (complete business process in shortest possible time) and Continuous Improvement ( process and product innovation to ensure differentiation and high quality premium products). There are differences among the definitions given by healthcare stakeholders such as Managers, Clinicians, Patients, Industry analysts and Human research specialists because of personal experiences, attitudes, behaviors, education, past experiences, skills and lifestyles. Indeed, a patient if provided all major healthcare services under one-roof in a center will express that quality of healthcare is higher. Similarly, the professionals and clinicians will express improvement in quality only when they observe any developments and advancements in technology or computerized systems, increase in facilities within a center or hospital and improvements in immediate or emergency services all across the country etc. The reason behind it is the fact that computerized systems help in accurate diagnose that in turn improves quality of services provided to patients. Similarly, more facilities at healthcare centers and emergence of new centres enhance the reach thereby enabling customers to cons ult any nearby center for healthcare. Quality improvement is not only been adopted by core profit-maximizing business enterprises but also in Healthcare industry. The reason being the fact that top quality to patients by clinicians, physicians and others etc. will result in alleviating threats of major chronic and acute illnesses that in turn will reduce financial burden on government and concerned authorities.

Development Of Emotional Resilience

Development Of Emotional Resilience What is emotional resilience and how does this develop? What might the consequences be for someone who has this process disturbed? Emotional resilience is not a unitary concept of the self but integral to the multi-faceted, wider process of psychological resilience; retaining homeostatic mental security in an eternally shifting, socially constructed world. Resilience develops through experiential maturation; a dynamic process of adaptation and resistance in the endeavour to maintain social identity within specific hereditary and adaptive cultures. This response proposes that emotion is the core of an embodied individual resilience within relational contexts; therefore to seek conceptual understanding, consideration must be made of biological, behavioural and phenomenological influences on the psychological state. Empirical evidence proposes that the templates of emotional resilience are formed from the first day of a new life (even in uteri) and develop within the attachments of familial and systemic structures, experiencing both positive and adverse environmental factors. This brief insight will offer the reade r some understanding of the specific concept of emotion in our Western world. It will lead to focus on the crucial factor of human attachments as they model individual psychological development, and it will become clear that emotional resilience is part of a development synthesis (Cairns 1979) assimilated into psychological, social and cognitive theories that accumulatively demonstrate the emotional range of culture. When this synthesis is disturbed or traumatised, the concepts of fear or anxiety are experienced and begin an organic protective conditioning that if continual, can become manifested as negative psychological conditions and maladaptive behaviour. In seeking therapeutic efficacy, emotions might therefore be explored in relation to individual needs. The complexity of the social-mind-body assimilation presents a fascinating challenge for reparative treatment; research leading to a modernity of thought and beginning pro-active application of preventative measures through va rying social programmes. What are emotions? From early philosophical consideration to date, emotion has been viewed as an interference with rationality; an echo of pre-sapient expression. Darwin (1872)  [1]  introduced the concept of emotion in The expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals as he defined specific emotions finding expression through facial movement and overt behaviour. William James (1884)  [2]  extended this perspective in an article in Mind as he proposed this as a result of a prior, emotional neural signal; the feeling of physiological change Is the emotion. James Lange (1890)  [3]  developed this hypothesis further defining the first systemic theory of emotion, proposing three stages of emotional elicitation and physiological response: a presented emotional stimulus arousal in the autonomic nervous system physiological feedback leading to experience of an emotion In adverse extremity, we might acknowledge this as the basis of the fight or flight stress response, however this concept was extended by the Cannon-Bard Theory (1929)  [4]  as it specifically identified the hypothalamus of the brain to be the organ that activated physiological changes. Whereas the James-Lang Theory argued that human experience of emotion depended on preceding bodily changes, the Cannon-Bard Theory claimed that emotional experiences and bodily changes are independent. Early thought therefore understood resilience to be embedded in neurological physiological states. These proposals held historical behavioural cognitive validity, however there was no clarity of how an emotional situation actually activated the thalamus, i.e. how did the cognitive system detect that a stimulus was threatening or innocuous? The question remained: do individuals experience emotion based on their bodily perception, or are there specific emotional neural patterns which respond to envi ronmental events that result in physiological and visceral expressions? Perhaps the fulcrum of research was Schachter (1922 -1977)  [5]  as he proposed that only a general stage of visceral arousal was necessary for the experience of emotion and the individual would present the experience in the language of cognition, i.e. thought, past experiences, environmental references. Historical witness gave rise to Schachters James theories taken in accordance; as visceral arousal being essential for emotional experience but the manifestation of the emotion dependent on the cognitive, perceptual evaluations of external environment. To connect our animal nature with the world in which it is embeddedemotions respond immediately to the truth of things. They are the most alert form of attention. Disgust turns away from decay, fear warns of danger, desire recognizes beauty and pity responds to need. Hillman (1972) The psycho-biological and social perspectives are therefore implicit to the concept of emotional resilience within experiential processes. Drever (1964) stated that emotion is a complex state of the organism, involving bodily changes of widespread character in breathing, pulse, gland secretion etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and on the mental side, a state of excitement or perturbation, marked by a strong feeling, and usually an impulse towards a definite form of behaviour. Intrinsically connected the neurological and physiological systems create behavioural responses, evoking feelings and thoughts subsequently manifesting as learned behaviour and leaving a residue of experience. Drevers analysis alludes to trans-theoretical components which could initially be assumed to be in contextual concordance; cognitive, physiological, experiential, expressive and behavioural. These assumptions are integral to the research of Schachter Singer (1962) and their cognitive labelling theory  [6]  ; two f actors proposed as essential for emotional experience: high physiological arousal (neuro-psychological) emotional interpretation or label of the arousal, e.g. fear, pleasure, anger, (expressed through culturally shaped language). Critique could hold these assumptions as simplistic when considering Craske Craigs (1984) study of performing pianists, which typically found a lack of concordance of components during adverse situations. Whilst stress measurements of an individual component correlated significantly, trans-component measurements reflected little concordance, amplifying the complexity of emotion and its development of resilience. Why therefore can an individual appear to be very anxious or angry when one component of emotion is considered, but not when a different one is assessed? If the components were in correlation with each other, a singular measurement would only be necessary to understand an individuals emotional state. This observed lack of correlation supports consideration of integrative theoretical perspectives, as individuals have unique systemic foundations and neurological processing modalities. If as so far theoretically proposed, the origin of an emotion is an inherently organic and genetically pre-determined reaction to a stimulus; if the stimulus is adverse, how long can negative psychological impact be sustained without harm? Concepts of emotions and resilience are therefore embedded in a dynamic and interactive process of environmental interaction and socialisation, leading to a phenomenological consideration of experience. Phenomenological consideration reveals a diversity of emotional states identified at an experiential level. Mauss (1872 -1950)  [7]  and Mead (1901 -1978)  [8]  proposed individual minds to be penetrated by social and cultural practices; internal representations creating a dynamic view of the self. As we consider the socio-biological/cognitive proposals, it seems emotions are an individuals indicator of their human state in society and crucial to the defence of the self; therefore what of psychoanalytical thought? Freud purported emotions as a biological function, manifested as neuroses originating inner desires ; Jung (1875-1961)  [9]  proposed an archetypal self care system; for Adler (1870-1937)  [10]  self defence was socially based in the drive for success; existentialists such as Heidegger (1972)  [11]  and Kierkegaard (1960)  [12]  propose emotions as exposure of the threat of non-being; Ekman  [13]   Davidson  [14]  (1994) the evolutionary forc e that enables us to adapt to our life tasks and Hillman (1972),  [15]  emotions as symbols representative of the holistic pattern of the soul (Freshwater Robertson 2002). Is an individuals consciousness and internal world therefore systemically distorted to avoid anxiety? Within the psychodynamic realm, it seems individuals are not rational truth-seekers, attempting to accurately interpret the world, but defensive beings who distort reality in the avoidance of psychological pain. Within the interactive subtleties of the individual and social environment, two areas of thought occur in consideration of disturbed emotional resilience; the relationship with sustained, negative environmental forces and the impact of sudden trauma. Emotional resilience One of the most profound sources of anxiety is evoked through fear of a loss of identity or fragmentation and loss of self. The self evolves from birth as emotions develop from pre-verbal experiences, many of which are paralleled with another human being; the mother or primary care giver. Through the development of emotional resilience the crucial impact of attachments as familial and social interactions are internalised, not only to form emotional templates, but also the raw material of the self. Resilience of the self evolves if relations are stable; if not individuals will struggle to create a secure internal version of reality that enables assimilation with the external world. In healthy psychological development, everything depends upon a gradual humanisation and integration of the archetypal opposite inherent of the self as the infant and young child wrestles with tolerable experiences of frustration (hate) in context of a good-enough (not perfect) primary relationship.in as much as the traumatised child has intolerable experiences in the object world, the negative side of the self does not personalise, remaining archaic.the internal world becomes menaced. Kalsched (1996) Integral to the narrative of attachments, and the phenomenological experience fundamental to emotional resilience, Rothbart Ahadi (1994) proposed the element of genetic temperament. Encompassing differences in reactivity and self-regulation within a conjoint physiological and psychological concept, they identified the behavioural scales of surgency/extraversion (high intensity, pleasure v. impulsiveness and shyness); negative/affectivity (discomfort, fear v. satiability comfort) effortful control (inhibitory control, attentional focussing v. perceptual sensitivity). The first two dimensions of infant temperament; fearfulness and irritability correlate with childhood and adult dimensions of negative affectivity or neuroticism and reflect a parallel proposal to Eysencks (1916 -1997)  [16]  theory of arousal systems and the correlation with extraversion and introversion. Rutter Quinton (1984) found that children with heightened negative temperament and low malleability were like ly to elicit irritability and hostility from their parents; the formation of a negative attachment cycle. Rutter (1990) further suggested that this reflected a pattern in which the childrens attributes make them a focus for discord[increasing] the probability that exposure will set in motion a train of adverse reactions that will prolong the risk. Such cyclical behaviour leads us to note the socially constructed self formed through familial scripts and systemic legacies of beliefs and interaction; therefore as personality traits are considered, a set of variable responses may be interpreted as internalised habitual behaviour, thoughts, values, needs and goals. In the search of self, inner reflection arouses further emotions that might lead to additional adaptations, both negative and positive. Satinoff (1982) summarises; an organism behaviour at a particular time depends on the state of its nervous system, the stimuli in its immediate environment, its past individual history and the evolutionary history of its species. This analysis can be applied to the development of attachment as Bowlby (1969)  [17]  noted that adaptive function of proximity maintenance in the protection of human young, and simply identifying humans as social species therefore suggests the evolutionary functions of systems serve to keep individuals physically and emotionally close to others. If formulated on secure systemic attachments, there will be resilience of self; if conversely formulated on dysfunctional, avoidant or anxious attachments, emotional resilience is jeopardised. Social scripts and dogmas of early life, such as men dont cry can become exemplars of inappropriate relational paradigms which lead to conflict of an instinctual demand of attachment behaviour being socially accepted. When internalised distorted scripts remain active in the unconscious, they might severely restrict an adult ability to express emotion. The parody revealed is that through the formations within a psycho-social and behavioural paradigm, individuals who evolve within a negative or abusive environment, despite the continual experience of pain and anxiety, often continue to seek such relations and environments perpetuating the projective cycle of negativity with exposure to the risk of psychopathological development. Freshwater Robertson (2002) highlight the specific pathogenic personality of the parent(s) and the specific pathogenic atmosphere in which the child grew up that account for mal-developments, fixations and unsolvable inner conflicts characterising the adult personality; the correlation reflecting the breakdown in emotional resilience. Manifestation might then be seen in conditions such as social disorders, substance or alcohol abuse, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, and in the extreme psychosis. What of the impact of sudden trauma? We are aware of the physiological response of the autonomic nervous system, however the psychological impact is not easily assessed as this is dependent on the formulated emotional resilience of an individual. Jung (1929) stated that certain complexes arise from painful or distressing experiences of an emotional nature leave lasting psychic woundsoften [crushing] valuable qualities in an individual. All these produce unconscious complexes of personal nature..others come from quite a different source.the collective unconscious.  [18]  The historical Western script in relation to psychological pain has been to ignore it; to get on with life. There has to be an element of stoicism to return to functional life; however the psyche is powerful in demanding remembrance of pain as poignantly recorded in the recent memorial to the liberation of Auschwitz 65 years later: So I was hiding out in the heap of dead bodies because in the last week when the crematoria didnt function at all, the bodies were just building up higher and higher. So there I was at night time, in the daytime I was roaming around in the camp, and this is where I actually survived. Bart Stern  [19]   Social scripts are changing but some denial still exists in corners of Western culture. Theorists have suggested that in the desire to block psychological pain, or to control or avoid emotional responses in accordance to this legacy of the collective unconscious, an emotional numbing becomes an automatic process; evoking symptoms of disinterest, detachment or denial. Avoidance of emotional material is thought to be a central factor in negative outcomes such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The emotional processing model proposed by Foa Kozak (1986) and the relational construct theory of human learning (Kelly 1905 -1967 )  [20]  give some insight to the effect and symptoms of PTSD. The theories account for the generalisation of trauma cues within learned behaviour, of memories of trauma and experiential and external, emotionally associated responses. Avoidance of emotion can lead to paradoxical increases in emotional experience; suppression of thoughts leading to target- related anxiety, i.e. situational factors. The crucial note of Jungian theory is that traumatic emotional experiences can remain in the psyche by becoming autonomous and adopting characteristics of their own, which can then dominate or even possess the conscious ego (Roemer Borkovec 1994). Following trauma, concealment of emotions has also been associated with diminished memory for information and cognitive ability interfering with an individuals ability to engage adaptively with the environment. Therapeutic efficacy in the maintenance of emotional resilience The complicity of factors relating to the disturbance of emotional resilience continues as a focal height of research. Salters et al (2002) highlighted areas of theoretical empirical evidence gaining credence in the link between and emotionally avoidant perception, social interaction and, in the area of therapeutic efficacy, the experience of clinical anxiety. Plagued by definitional and methodological challenges, the study of emotional resilience holds complex phenomena; however cross-theoretical approaches now contribute to holistic understanding. Craske Zucker (2002) proposed models for psycho-social interventions as they highlight several of the specific factors discussed that affect emotional resilience; anxiety, familial transmission, temperament, life stresses and co-morbidity. Their research focussed on buffer factors of emotional resilience through concepts such as hardiness and social support. Seligman (2000) had emphasised the importance of optimism as Rutter (1995) outl ined five categories of protective factors: reduction of adverse experiences, reduction of negative chain reactions, promotion of self esteem and self efficacy; the opening of positive opportunities and the positive cognitive processing of negative experiences. Davidson (2000) clarified these as a broad constellation of processes that serve to amplify, attenuate or maintain the strength of emotional reactions. It is identified that anxiety disorders are most likely to develop during critical developmental stages, dependent on the resilience of the emotional templates; (Blehar 1995) transitions such as adolescence and mid-life could therefore be crucial times for the support of a proactive-developmental-ecological approach (Winett et al 1989). Conclusion The area of research into emotional resilience is self perpetuating and too vast to address comprehensively in this short response. It is therefore hoped that some insight is offered to the complexity of emotions as structured phenomena, and resilience as the dynamic component of this. It has reflected a trans-theoretical combination of psychotherapeutic thought, and presented the evolution of human emotional resilience to be a synthesising process that demands positive adaptation to lifes adversity. Crucial to the maintenance of healthy emotional resilience within social interaction is the exposure to, internalisation of, and management of positive and negative stimuli. Emotions are not merely feeling states but internal states that when disturbed, the distinction between the collective and individual unconscious becomes obscured creating internal distress and continues to reflect what Jung described in1912 as the problem of our time. The Gestalt perspective exemplifies the struggle to address this problem and maintain a healthy emotional resilience as it presents the human psyche and body to be an organic function and ultimate experiential unit (Perls 1969).  [21]   I do my thing you do your thing. I am not in this world to live up to your expectations And you are not in this world to live up to mine. You are you and I am I And if by chance we find each other, its beautiful. If not, it cannot be helped. Gestalt Prayer [3209]

Daycare: The Effects On Children Essay -- essays research papers

With the successes of welfare reform and the high turnout of female college graduates mothers are increasingly, entering the workforce. As affirmed by the Wilson Quarterly (Autumn 98, Vol. 22 Issue 4), â€Å"Ben Wildavsky, a staff correspondent for the National Journal (Jan. 24, 1998), provides statistical background. In 1997, nearly 42 percent of women with children under six were working full-time, 5 percent were looking for work, 18 percent had part-time jobs, and 35 percent were not working outside the home† (p.115). Using these figures it is said that 65 percent of women with children aged younger than six are working or would like to be. Daycare is a necessity for the majority of working American mothers. Within the past 20 years child social developmentalists have accumulated evidence to show that unless children gain minimal social competence by the age of six years, they have a high probability of being at risk throughout life. (Denham & Burton, 1996) Thus peer relationships contribute a great deal to both social and cognitive development and to the effectiveness with which we function as adults. Others suggest that the number of caregivers and the amount of time children spend away from parents’ harms parent-child relationships thus, weakening cognitive and emotional development (Kelly, 2000). This paper will discuss the effects of daycare on children and how to choose one of high quality. Many daycare opponents believe bonding, a strong emotional attachment that forms between a child and parent, is disrupted when mothers and fathers rely on others to be substitute parents. Children who are securely bonded to parents are more confident in their explorations of their environment and have a higher sense of self-esteem than children who are insecurely bonded to their parents. Dr. Stanley Greenspan, a professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at George Washington University Medical School, who has authored several books including the recent book, The Irreducible Needs of Children says, â€Å"A warm, loving human relationship is very important for intellectual development. Children form their capacity to think and self-image based on these back-and-forth interactions. Fewer of these are happening, because families are so busy and more care is being done outside the home. Studies [show] that for all ages, 85 percent of day care is not high quality† (Kelly, 200... ...ay Setting. Child Study Journal, 28(3) (1998). 225-245. Kelly, K. (2000, October 30). Child Docs to Parents: Stay Home and Save your Kids. U.S. News & World Report, 129(4), 65 Oesterreich, L. Childcare Checklist for Parents: PM 1805 <a href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Pages/pubs/">http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Pages/pubs/. (December 1999) Schuetze, P., Lewis, A., & DiMartino, D. Relation Between Time Spent in Daycare and Exploratory Behaviors in 9-month-old Infants., Infant Behavior & Development 22(2) (1999), 267-276 Schumacher, R. B. & Carlson, R. S. Variables and Risk Factors Associated with Child Abuse in Daycare Settings., Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(9) (1999) 891-898. â€Å"The Battle Over Child Care,† Wilson Quarterly Autumn 98, 22(4), 115-116 Waterman, J., Kelly, R. J., Oliveri, M. K., & McCord, J. (1993). Behind the Playground Wall: Sexual Abuse in Preschool. New York. Guilford Press. Wilson, E. and Tweedie, P. S. Selecting Quality Child Care. National Network for Child Care: <a href="http://www.nncc.org/Choose.Quality.Care/select.care.html">http://www.nncc.org/Choose.Quality.Care/select.care.html. (December 1996).

Are our actions truly our own? Essay

What we do, where we walk, how we act and what decisions we take; are they guided by our free will or by the hand of fate? Even if we do have free will; are we one hundred percent, truly free or is free will just training wheels carrying us along different paths to our predestined location? If so, we are inherently limited from birth in the aspects of our intelligence, success, and true freedom depending on how binding the shackles of fate truly are. We can’t control circumstances of our birth or generally life-altering things that are out of our control such as a random lightning strike or traffic accident, but perhaps we can control the broader course of our life through our actions. One who trains their body diligently and with supreme effort may become a famous MMA fighter with a body that the ancient Greeks would marvel at, but what if that person’s profession and training were stamped into him at birth? At conception? At the beginning of time itself? Possible, but what if he just made a decision one day and earned it? There simply is no way to know, short of speaking with the divinity that has assigned us all our fates if such a being exists. Say we are all prisoners in an inescapable prison of destiny. Perhaps some of us are given the opportunity to control our fates. Perhaps some of us are afforded a choice between the blue pill or the red pill; the choice to be a living puppet or to break into our own universal order and control our own lives. We will never know. The one thing we may know however, is that we may be given this choice one day, and this rift in the balance of the universe will afford us enough free will in the situation simply to make the decision between the blue pill and the red pill. We can know in our hearts what our decisions will be when we are handed our destinies and told to take control and become the master of our own destinies or release them back into the cosmic wind, and become a simple puppet once more. I can speak for no one but myself, but I know my answer in my heart. The thought of my life being anything but my own up until this point sickens me. I will not be a puppet,  I will not be led forcefully through my destiny by the imperceptible shackles of fate. I will take control of my destiny, steer my own ship; I will be the master of my own destiny if the expense is my life; because I know the life I led will have truly been mine.

Clothing, Handbags and Jewelry Industries in the Us

Clothing Accessories * The global clothing accessories industry is worth close to $16. 5 billion, according to research from Packaged Facts. During the economic recession, many consumers opted to buy accessories instead of more expensive items of clothing(Accessories can be sold even in recession). Spending patterns concerning accessories are slightly different than clothing purchases as accessories are often bought on impulse or as add-on purchases. The world clothing accessories market is expected to exceed $20 billion by 2012.The global clothing accessories market is expected to see growth resume in the post recession period. Consumer confidence is recovering from the lows of the economic recession, with shoppers more willing to splash out on luxury and non-essential items. As consumers become increasingly conscious about the environment, demand for environmentally friendly luggage will rise(focus more on environmental friendly products, could also be used as a marketing strategy) . Handbags This U. S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing women's handbags and purses of any material (except precious metal).This 6-digit NAICS industry (316992) is under the hierarchy of Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing Industry (31699), Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing Subsector (316), and the Manufacturing Sector (31-33). Revenue, Profitability ; Foreign Trade Preview The industry's revenue for the year 2010 was approximately $351. 1 million USD, with an estimated gross profit of 51. 29%. Import was valued at $2. 3 billion USD from 111 countries. The industry also exported $256. 2 million USD worth of merchandise to 117 countries.Adding import value to and subtracting export value from the industry's shipment value, the total domestic demand for the industry in 2010 was $2. 4 billion USD. (This could be the biggest market for sale) Jewelry 1) Costume jewelry is considered a discrete category of fashion accessory, and display s many characteristics of a self-contained industry. Costume jewelry manufacturers are located throughout the world, with a particular concentration in parts of China and India, where entire city-wide and region-wide economies are dominated by the trade of these goods.There has been considerable controversy in the United States and elsewhere about the lack of regulations in the manufacture of such jewelry—these range from human rights issues surrounding the treatment of labor, to the use of manufacturing processes in which small, but potentially harmful, amounts of toxic metals are added during production. (lot of cadmium found) As part of the supply chain, wholesalers in the United States and other nations purchase costume jewelry from manufacturers and typically import or export it to wholesale distributors and suppliers who deal directly with retailers.Wholesale costume jewelry merchants would traditionally seek out new suppliers at trade shows. As the Internet has become increasingly important in global trade, the trade-show model has changed. Retailers can now select from a large number of wholesalers with sites on the World Wide Web. Some of these sites also market directly to consumers, who can purchase costume jewelry at greatly reduced prices. Some of these sites include fashion jewelry as a separate category, while some use this term in favor of costume jewelry.The trend of jewelry-making at home by hobbyists for personal enjoyment or for sale on sites like Etsy has resulted in the common practice of buying wholesale costume jewelry in bulk and using it for parts. 2) World costume jewelry market stands enthused by the increasing emphasis laid down by consumers on fashion and style(most important for the attraction of the customers). Demand for costume jewelry and fashion accessories, such as, rings, earrings, bracelets, bangles, lockets, and brooches, is waxing at a healthy pace, driven largely by consumer preference for affordable, yet fashio nable jewelry.Costume jewelry has tailored looks and styles borrowed from fine jewelry. However, updated impressions of these are needed to supplement and accessorize the latest apparel from couture houses and the fashion industry. Fashions in costume jewelry are generally reflected in the ready-to-wear apparel and accessories industry. Given the relative inexpensiveness and affordability of costume jewelry, purchases are predominantly impulsive especially for the younger generation(could be one of the main target markets).Designing of costume jewelry is closely in line with the apparel market. Strong economic development in developing countries, rise in GDP, standards of living, and disposable incomes, are all factors fuelling the market's growth. Growing sophistication of consumer tastes(what exactly does the customer wants? ) in the developed markets is fingered as a key reason for sales gain in these markets. Design innovations from manufacturers and fashion designers are helpin g attract fashion-savvy consumers.Unique designs, durability, and high quality are all variables for product success in the marketplace. General idea about the market for jewelry Costume jewelry market worldwide is dominated by the United States with an estimated 32. 49% share in the year 2007, as stated by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Asia-Pacific represents the fastest growing market, mirroring a projected CAGR of 6. 93% over the period 2000 to 2010. In the Necklaces, bracelets & chains market, sales are forecast to rise by US$3,853 million between the period 2007 to 2015.Global sales of Brooches, Pendants & Pins are projected to reach US$2. 0 billion by the year 2015. Ear Rings market in Asia-Pacific is forecast to grow at a robust CAGR of 9. 52% over the 2011 to 2015 period. Leading players operating in the global costume jewelry market include Avon Products Inc, Adrian Buckley Jewellery, DCK Concessions Ltd, H. Stern Com. & Ind. S. A, K&M Associates, The Colibri Group, Roman Research Inc. , and Swank Inc. (we could implement their strategies)

Counter Transfer As A Professional Social Work Essays

Counter Transfer As A Professional Social Work Essays Counter Transfer As A Professional Social Work Essay Counter Transfer As A Professional Social Work Essay In my point of position, it is inevitable that persons ever have their ain bounds to exceed, for those precisely are the real-selves and human nature. No 1 s perfect and nil s the lone pick. I was been taught to separate between the good people and bad people since I was a kid, turning up bit by bit, I realize that there is no restrict boundary line or criterion to justice people. No affair the one is ugly or beautiful, looked nice or shabby. I know that the visual aspect of persons can non be tantamount to who are they, what we saw sometimes is non what truly is. Though, these rules and principles are rather sensible and persuading, there is still acquiring opportunities to be self-asserting and judgmental towards person. Possibly people merely experience bad about certain specific group out of inherent aptitude for some grounds are difficult to be cognizant of. But as a possible societal worker, I need to research more about myself and calculate out how to get by with the failings in human nature through insistent pattern and to a individual with the minimal bias and judgement every bit less as possible. 1 the ground why I choose MSW The Social Work had non been a really clear construct until I decided to use for this major of the University of Hong Kong, for I was majored in the Public Affairs Management of the undergraduate schooling. At that clip, a general thought came to my head that the Social Work is specialized in the concrete affairs. It is besides the ground why I choose this major for I hope to larn the practical accomplishments instead than the abstract and practical academic cognition. However, there has been a concern bing in my bosom that I am afraid what if I can non make anything to those who are seeking aid and aid, though I know it is merely because my old major are rather irrelevant the current one which make me a small spot nervous, for I am the sort of individual that if I feel I am non qualified to assist people so I will non prematurely offer aid. So I need to be well-equipped myself in order to assist people readily at any clip. I think the biennial Master of Social Work plan is besides a journey for me to make the self-exploration. I am an ordinary individual with defects in personality, but I hope to better myself through the graduate student. 2 The impeditive factor from the past experience In the sphere of societal work pattern, it can be imagined that we as the possible societal worker will take assorted instances and confront with different sorts of clients. And I deem that we will non hold excessively much right to take which client we will cover with. In my positions, I think I need to develop myself to be a qualified societal worker with a wide head and high credence and tolerance. After contemplation, I think the clients who looked fierce and barbarous might arouse images of my past experiences, particularly my childhood experience. I was a really diffident and timid when I was a kid. After reexamining my yesteryear, I deem that there are two grounds lending to my cowardice. The deep ground is the over-protection from my household members. Because my female parent gave birth of me about in dystocia, I ever got illness for the non good physical quality. Therefore, all of my households and relations particularly took attention of me. Particularly my parents hardly allowed me to play with other kids after dinner, for they thought I was vulnerable easy to acquire injury, which contributed me to a quite speechless and a coward kid at that clip. I frequently could non show my feelings good. For illustration, I hardly talked back or defended for myself when the other kindergarten schoolmates bullied me. For this ground, I stilled remembered my female parent taught me many clip to protect myself. But I still did non alter a spot in my childhood. And there is a piece of panicky memory in my childhood. It was a lingering memory that I was about kidnapped at 3 old ages old and a half. In the anteroom of a local infirmary, my female parent put my down and she went to bring the medical specialties, a alien merely keep me in his weaponries when I was waiting for my female parent and intended to take me off, coincidentally meeting my uncle who was traveling to hospital to take us place around the gate of the infirmary. I did non retrieve the exact expression of that alien but a really barbarous image in my head. Since so I was highly afraid of people with ferocious and fierce expression and hardly daring to speak to the 1s with that expression. 3 The analysis of the Social Work Practice position Though now I am a grown-up with critical thought and rational judgement, I can command my fright when confronting with such sort of individual. Sometimes I feel that there is still a spread between myself and the feeling of that sort of individual, and I still seek to maintain distance with those sorts of people. Therefore, it is necessary to happen out the possible influence on the future societal work pattern. After reexamining some books and articles, I think my fright about specific group would perchance trip the countertransference in the future societal work pattern. At one manus, I know the fright of the expression like barbarous client is bing in my head ; one the other manus, I hope I still can supply efficient aid to him/her, and I do non desire my pervious experience to impede the intercession procedure. Sometimes, I am even doubted whether it is merely an alibi for me to entree something new. This self-inconsistency is what I am disquieted about. First, I need to calculate out what is countertransference. The proficient term of countertransference was first clip mentioned in 1910 by Freud ( Gelso A ; Hayes, 1998 ) . He thought that the countertransference is happened during the therapy session, because of the patient s influence on the healer, the profession might respond unsuitably against the professional demand Reich ( 1951 ) subdivided the countertransference into two types: the chronic and the ague . The former is based on the personal features which have the cardinal influence on the human behaviours ; the latter will perchance go on on the status that facing with the specific client in some specific circumstance. Contemporarily, mentioning to Bouchand, Normandin and Seguin, there are three types of countertransference: 1 ) Objective-rational countertransference as the impersonal type ; 2 ) Reactive countertransference as the conflictive 1 ( something about the client might remind the societal worker of non good p ast experience ) ; 3 ) Brooding countertransference as the positive 1 ( will actuate the societal worker to hold deeper penetration into the client ) ( 1995 ) .The modern-day positions the countertransference from professions reactions to clients related to one s present/ yesteryear experiences or the features of clients ( James, 2008 ; Knight, 2006 ; Nichols, 2006 ) . In my position, the countertransference can be summarized as the ineluctable overt or covert reactions from the societal worker triggered by some characteristic or experience of the clients, during the innovation procedure or realized by societal workers themselves, and the implicit in ground for the reactions is the unresolved issues of the societal worker. Second, the possible effects of the countertransference can be positive for the societal worker every bit good as the clients. The countertransference plays an of import and influential function in the psychotherapeutics. Every coin has two sides, if the societal worker can take the advantage of the countertransference, so the therapy procedure will be more good for the client on the ground that the societal worker will give more energy and clip on behalf of the client. In the visible radiation of the basic cognition of the Social Work and the counsel of the Code of Practice for Registered Social Worker from NASW, some societal workers can acquire an consciousness of the emotional or feeling reactions towards the certain clients, so if they start to review the implicit in reason-their yesteryear experiences, it will be non merely a good opportunity for the societal worker to cognize herself/himself better and decide the past issues but besides provide more efficient assist the client s from the deep penetration of the contemplation. 4 Personal program of get bying with countertransference 4.1 Coping with fright Harmonizing to the typical professional countertransference reactions summarized by Knight ( 2006 ) and Etherington ( 2002 ) , my state of affairs is rather similar to the disliking certain types of clients ( Papalia, 2009 ) . For my instance, I think my internal feeing is fear for those looked barbarous people and I might transpirate with some covert disfavors if facing them. It can be seen that my fright stems straight from the first feeling. Based on the feeling, it is prone to do anticipation or expectancy of the people I first clip meet with. Therefore, foremost, I should to larn to avoid the primacy consequence by giving the psychological suggestion to myself like He/she is merely a client non precisely a bad individual ; I should be professional and so on , merely like a self-talk, with several times of deep breath, which will assist me clam down. Second, happening something in common can alleviate the fright. When you undertake a high-stakes anticipation, maintain looki ng until you find some common land, something you portion with the individual whose behaviours you seek to foretell -this will assist you see the state of affairs as he perceives it. 4.2 Making the regular self-contemplation Though life in a metropolis with rapid life pacing, there is still indispensible to squash clip for myself and believe about what I have been through. In my positions, I can do the self-contemplation through 3 different ways, foremost is the self-reflection, affecting an analytical gestural duologue with myself in order to detect and screen out the beginnings of feelings and perceptual experiences. Everyday, a period of clip is required to do retrospection and self-introspection, which I think it is a good manner to develop myself holding a peaceable head. For case, I have a ready to hand notepad, really I have already written out a twosome of them of thoughts or short journals since the first twelvemonth in senior high school. Now I non merely necessitate to compose what I am believing about but besides make some analytical thought on what I have expressed on the journals. Second, communicating with close friends and relations is besides a good channel to cognize myself better. Mere ly as the old stating bystander is ever clear-minded , I would wish to speak to them acquiring some edifying positions if I feel scared about person. Third, watching movies and the other mass media, I want to obtain positive support that the non good looking people are non ever the bad people. 4.3 Learning self-denial and alleviating the negative emotion accomplishments Mentioning to the work of Hayes and Gelso, they put frontward five effectual factors of countertransference direction. First is the self-integration, which is important in placing with clients and set the necessary boundaries. Second is the anxiousness direction. The trait of anxiousness is really typical in countertransference relationship between societal worker and client. Third is the conceptualizing accomplishment. It is a cognitive procedure for the societal workers to get the hang. Fourth is the empathy, by seting to client s feelings, the more likeliness of societal worker will run into the client s demand. The fifth is the self-insight. This point is rather similar with the self-reflection ( 1991 ) .Through these five managing factors, societal workers can make some self-training to command their negative emotions for the interest of turning away to impede the therapy. 5 Decisions Actually, I think it is the merely the beginning of self-reflection. In the hereafter, there will be more quandary for me to undertake and some clients might remind me of the other negative emotions or unpleasant memories, therefore, I need to maintain the wont of contemplating and introspecting as an imperative portion of my day-to-day life. Merely in this manner can I be reasonable and acute to the emotional alterations of my ego. What we think will direct our behaviours. No affair what I will acquire through in the hereafter, I will seek my uttermost to hone myself in order to function people with the consistent enthusiasm and eternal attempts.