Child labour in the Philippines

Child labour in the Philippines Child labour in the Philippines Introduction Do you know where that pretty shirt you are wearing was made? Or, that soccer ball you love to play with so much? Do you know if it was made in a fair and ethical way, or made by hard working, poor children who should be spending their time playing and in the school benches? This essay will be about child labour in the Philippines. Child labour is an important issue because affects people in a negative way, and because it, unfortunately, still happens a lot. There are different views on this issue that will be discussed in this essay. This essay will consider arguments for and against child labour in the Philippines, with factors such as money, conditions, health and education. Child labour is a term that is known for a very long time. Child labour stands for: employment of boys and girls when they are too young to work for hire, or when they are employed at jobs that are unsafe and/or unsuitable for their age (according to the US department of Labour). The legal age limit is shown in the Philippines is shown in the following article: Art. 139. Minimum Employable Age. (a) No child below fifteen (15) years of age shall be employed, except when he works directly under the sole responsibility of his parents or guardian, and his employment does not in any way interfere with his schooling.[1] The Philippines is a young nation with a high percentage of young people in its overall population. In the past, 1995-1997, one sixth of the children worked. Around this time 22.4 million children where aged between 5-17, which meant that this age group was about one third of the overall population of the Philippines at that time. (Initiating and Mobilizing Action Against Child Labor in the Philippines). Money Money is one of the main reasons why children work in the Philippines. The Philippines is a poor country. Many households depend on children to work. The contribution of kids is financially needed within these households. According to the NSCB (National statistical Coordination Board)[2], who investigated the poverty statistics for the government, thirty three out of one hundred Filipinos were poor in 2006, compared to thirty in 2003. Poverty incidence increased to 26.9% for families in 2006 compared to 24.4% in 2003. The investigation also shows that, in 2006, a Filipino family comprising of five members needed a monthly income of 4,1477 PhP (Philipine Pesos) to be able to sustain their familys minimum basic food needs, an increase of 23% from 2003. To be able to provide for both food and nonfood basic requirements, a family of five needed 6,274 PhP monthly income in 2006, an increase of more than 22% from 2003. The schools in the Philippines are tuition free, but the parents have to pay for the other expenses. The expenses include uniforms, projects and materials. In fact, even if schools would be cheaper, they still wouldnt be able to pay for it; since the families are so poor they need the children to work as well. There are also positive sides of child labour. Both children and employers profit from child labour. The children benefit from child labour by earning money for the work they do. Children that work and contribute to the total income of their family, help the family survive. Usually, the parents cannot afford food and other needs for every family member, that is why the childrens contribution is need. Not working could lead to starvation, and eventually, to death. Children working in factories receive between 15 and 25 pesos per day (approximately 61 cents to $1) . The children in mines reportedly earn between 40 and 50 pesos per day (approximately $1.62 to $2). Older packers earn between 250 and 300 pesos per day (approximately $10 to $12).[3] Employers also benefit from child labour, because the salary of children is lower than those of adults. Low salary allows the employer to sell cheaper goods, and with cheaper goods, the employers can generate more profit. As shown above the difference in salary is high Conditions/health children are significantly smaller than adults. In some sectors, like in the mines, this might come in handy, because children fit in places and holes adults do not. Children are also said to have more energy than adults, which means they can be more productive and maybe even work a bit longer. Children also have smaller hands, which makes them work more precise. Even though children seem perfect for these kind of jobs, the conditions they have to work in affect their health. Many of the kids that work, work in hazardous and dangerous areas, such as mines and factories. Not only is working in mines and agriculture dangerous for the children, some children are even forced to work as child prostitutes, in the porn industry, as child soldiers or as servants. Another bad side to child labour is that children are weaker than adults, and have to do heavy work that affects their health. Children also have to work long hours. Long hours take toll on childrens not fully developed body. Education Education is very important. Schools are the childrens sources to obtain knowledge and other information. Instead of working, children should learn from books. Without education, the hope of a better life is far away, since the probability of those children ending up with a good job is low. Labour often interferes with childrens education. There are children that work and attend school. This is bad for the child, since the child cannot only focus on school but still has the responsibility of earning money. Children that do not attend school might end up being poor, which might result in their kids having to work. This might become a vicious circle. Children that work have the advantage of learning, from an early age, how to deal with money. The children get taught how to deal with money and they end up knowing the value of money. They also learn how it feels to have responsibilities and how to provide for their families. Conclusion In conclusion, there are a lot of factors that you should consider before forming an opinion about child labour in the Philippines. Factors like, money, education, health and conditions. Children should have the chance to be a children. They should spend time playing and learning one another in school, and not wasting away their youth in hazardous factories. Every child has the right to have basic human needs, such as a healthy environment, shelter, nutrition, clean water, proper education and clothes. According to Unicef, a possible solution would be: ‘One of the keys would be ensuring that all children go to school and that their education is of good quality.[4] [1] The Philippines National Laws, http://ipecphils.tripod.com/phillaws/p2_2.htm [2] NSCB, http://www.nscb.gov.ph/pressreleases/2008/PR-200803-SS2-02_pov.asp [3] United States Department of Labor, http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/sweat/philippines.htm [4] Unicef, http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html

Observing Mitosis

Lab Report ?3 Title:Observing Mitosis By Yerkebulan Yesbolatov Biology course, tutorial group I October 18, 2012 Lab partner: Azhar Zhaisanova Introduction Experiment is intend to show mitotic stage of cell cycle, phases of mitotic stage, to define predominance in the number of each phases over the others, if it is possible. Objectivity of lab is to observe the different phases of mitotic stage of cell cycle, to get skills for special technique( by using orcein ethanoic stain) designed for making slide enable to observe mitotic stage of cell cycle.The tip of Garlic bulb’s root is suspected to be relevant for that, for observing the cell cycle. Aim To observe cell cycle in definite stage-in this experiment mitosis. To get knowledge of which phase is predominate in cell cycle. Precautions During the procedure it is need to wear eye protection cause hydrochloric acid is irritant It is necessary to wear gloves and coat – Toluidine blue is had ability to ingrain. Don’ t ingest- it is harmful. It is necessary to wear goggles and avoiding of content with orsein ethanoic stain, cause it corrosive, irritant, causing burns, has ability to irritate by vapour. Also read: What Algae Does a Trypanosome Superficially ResembleIn case of making contact immediately necessary to wash with water for 10 minutes. It is necessary to wear eye protection and avoid a skin contact, cause Acetic alcohol is corrosive and highly flammable Methods and Materials First method of staining is cancelled. Second method with 1-st step was provided in advance. First, several root tips was cut off, added to watch glass with acetic alcohol(2cm3) for 10 minutes. Then, specimens transferred to second glass, which contain 5cm3 ice cold water,4-5 minutes are needed to wait after that. Later on specimens, dried off with filter paper.Next step, in order to haven’t damage a specimen ,it was poured with pre-heated hydrochloric acid rather than putting the pattern to test tube and vice versa till 5 minutes. Next step is to repeat step with acetic acid (2cm3) for 10 minutes in a watch glass. After 10 minutes, specimen (one of several) was put to glass slide then poured w ith 1-2 drops of stain called acetic orcein stain, it should cover whole surface of pattern. Note that to stain the wall would be better to leave specimen in a dye more than 2 minutes. Finally, specimen is covered with coverslip and pushed under the filter paper, put to microscope and observed. ResultQuestion 1 is in separate page Question 2 Number of cells viewed under visible area x400. 43 cells 43Ãâ€"4=172 Table of numbers of cells at field of view Total number of cells| Names of mitosis phases| ? in each stage| 172| Interphase| 138| | Prophase| 28| | Metophase| 3| | Anaphase| 2| | Telephase| 1| Question 3. Percentage in each stage of mitosis Interphase =138172Ãâ€"100%= 80. 232% Prophase =28172Ãâ€"100%=16. 279% Metophase =3172Ãâ€"100%=1. 744% Anaphase =2172Ãâ€"100%=1. 162% Telephase =1172Ãâ€"100%=0. 581% Ranking of stages of cell cycle Interpase>prophase>metaphase>anaphase>telephase As it said, preparation freezed at one time.Most of cells, about 90% of cell and consequentl y 90% cycle cell spent in interphase, it is proved by findings. Roughly 20 percent, approximately quarter of interphase are taken by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase. Question 4 Mitotic index Mitotic index=28+3+2+1172=34172= 0. 197 Mitotic index enable to find a tendency to grow of cells. It is mean that how cell is divide, at which rate it is reproduces. Question 5 Reliability and validity If centromeres of chromosomes are draw up at equator, we definitely could say it is metaphase, if we see sister chromatids at inverse poles we could say definitely say as it anaphase.A lot of cells are there with round nucleuses that is why it is – prophases. Telephase is differ by starting of dividing of cells. In interphase cells are as they are swallowed, e. c become bigger. Question 6 Safety precautions Wear goggles to avoid contact with orsein ethanoic stain is corrosive, has ability to irritate by vapour Wear gloves – acetic alcohol is corrosive and highly flammable. Q uestion 7 Treatment with hydrochloric acid It enable to stain the specimen of root tip. It can help to break the hydrogen bonds contain in it. Question 8 Reason Cells are in phase of telephase of mitosis or meiosis stage could start.Discussion There was cells with purple chromosomes on a pink background. There was drawn the each phases of mitosis to make easier the differentiation of phases cause is sometimes difficult to differ. At the beginning, when final stage of slide preparation was done, there was problem, three times with its observing-the image wasn’t enough pure to see a cells in mitosis stage. Cause could be wrong decay of specimen during the pressing. It should be taken into care that pressing of stained specimen should be strong to make image more clear and transparent. To define the number of cells visible t point of view (image which enable objective to see during reviewing without changing the position) of microscope it was calculated the quarter of circle row by row cause cells are not same, so rows are not same. Defining of microscope’s point of view is necessary for further calculating the percentage of each phase of mitosis. So, quarter of visible cells was equal to 43. These cells was multiplied to four. To tell every phase of mitosis:138 of interphases,28 prophases,3 metaphases,2 anaphases, 1 telephase. As shown in calculations, abundance are correspond as follows: Interphase=80. 32; Prophase=16. 279% ;Metophase=1. 744% ; Anaphase=1. 162% Telephase=0. 581% ; As we see interphase is equal to roughly 80%,however in book there was claim that interphase spend 90% of cell cycle. From this point could be proposed that root grown in favorable condition as it is known that in interphase cell is phase of rash activity, cell copy own DNA and energy is create for further mitosis. As shown in mitotic index formula, numerator contain only cells with visible chromosomes, that is mean that interphase is not taken to consideration.Mitotic i ndex enable to find a tendency to grow of cells. It is mean that how cell is divide, at which rate it is reproduces. In this experiment mitotic index is equal to 0. 197 Due to fact that there was not mitotic index scale it is difficult to say anything about tendency. In oncology(study of tuour cells) mitotic index has its special calibration, special standards. Error analysis Probability of error may cause the fact that in some case there was nuclear membrane without changing, but nucleoli had already vanished.So, there was probability of error to take to consideration the stage as a interphase and as prophase. Conclusion It is proved that is visible the dividing (in cell cycle) cells with method using a orcein ethanoic stain. Most of time cells a spend for interphase. This is proved by experiment result-80% of cells was at interphase stage. Most of all it is possible or easy to define exactly the stages such as anaphase, metaphase cause it definite characters are allow to do so. Th e late prophase and beginning of telephase is difficult to differentiate cause processes happened in them are opposite to each other.

System Analysis and Design Bec Part 1 Answers

1. What qualities have led to BEC’s success so far? I think the most notable quality that has led to BEC's success is their ability to adapt to change. The company seems very dynamic and it seems like they notice trends and adapt the business to meet these trends. The company is also successful because they have such great teamwork and great management running the company 2. Is the IS organization at BEC poised to undertake significant systems development in the near future? Yes.The company has grown and is continuing to grow so they will need to move towards a new IS system. They are going to need to update to keep with the demand of online rentals. 3. What specific management skills do systems analysts at BEC need? The analyst is going to need risk management in order to be able to forsee what could go wrong during the project and try to prevent or respond to the damage that is caused. The analyst will also need change management to help the users transition onto this new sy stem. . What specific communication skills do systems analysts at BEC need? The system analyst will need interpersonal skills so that they can communicate clearly and effectively what needs to be accomplished to the team. 5. What specific areas of organizational knowledge do systems analysts at BEC need? The analyst will need to know the companies goals and mission statement. They will also need to know the policies and procedures so that they can design a system that meets these.

The Underground Railroad - 1073 Words

â€Å"A national benefit.† said John C. Calhoun about the evil act known as, slavery (â€Å"The History of the United States). However the world was not completely full of ignorance even though it is shown here. â€Å"Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally,† said by Abraham Lincoln. (â€Å"Quotes About Slavery†) No one had experienced anything other than a world with slavery, and were not for having a change like this occur and change many people’s lives one by one. This, lead to many people, including many Southerners taking the side of John C. Calhoun. Because, lets face it. No one actually likes change. But in the early 1800s it soon became a problem that abolitionists, people against slavery,†¦show more content†¦The case of Henry â€Å"Box† Brown. Henry asked his friend to place him a wooden box with only some water and some biscuits and mail him to Philadelphia. Here, con ductors in the Underground Railroad received him and he was finally free. His friend who was kept anonymous was not the only one who made this choice. About 3200 people worked on the railroad, and many wanted to be kept anonymous (â€Å"Pbs.org†). In my opinion, the Underground Railroad was something that is taken way to lightly as if it was not as important as it was. I didn’t know HALF of this information I learned from my research. People mailed themselves to escape the torture of slavery! Some even committed suicide. Death was a better option then slavery. The Underground Railroad helped people take control of their rights, and their lives. This background information was not taught in school. Slavery tore families apart, it took people away from their homes, and it deprived people from their rights and freedom. Blacks were treated as a different species, and also were considered inferior to whites. The â€Å"Dred Scott Case† is an example of how bad they sl aves wanted to get away from their masters. His master to a free territory took Dred Scott, a slave, from Missouri, a slave state. Scott sued stating, since he was in a free territory he was not obligated to still work as his master’s slave. He was a free man. However, Chief Justice, Roger B. Taney had claimed that since Scott was a slave, hisShow MoreRelatedThe Underground Railroad Is Not Like The Railroad1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Underground Railroad is not like the railroads that we see today, they were not made of box cars and rails. They were routes that the slaves took to get to freedom, these railways were built or used in late 1786 to 1865. They went from as far west as Kansas, and Texas and as far south as Florida, they all were made to go north to Canada, or to Mexico, or the Caribbean Islands where slavery is illegal. This was an impossible task for the slaves to do on their own. 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